Time

Sangaw - Now or Later, Going to

Meka sangaw taw? - Are you coming here now?
Kinnanna sangaw yatun - He's going to eat that!
Apammu sangaw yaw- Take this (either now or later).

Sonu umma - Tomorrow

Mallawatta sonu umma! - Let's go out tomorrow!
Mamegafu na' sonu umma - I'll start tomorrow.

Ganguri - A little while ago, "forever"

Mine yeyya taw ganguri - He came here a little while ago.
Ganguri na' paga magiddak niko - I've been waiting for you here forever!

Kagabi - Yesterday, Last night

Naggiraw kami kagabi ta sine - We watched at the theatres last night.
Nallabbe' yeyya kagabi - He came home yesterday.

Turi - A long time ago

Mineda taw turi paga - They came here a long time ago
Nakkiddaw da ta uffun nikami turi ta awan yeyya - They asked for help a long time ago when he wasn't around.

Ngana - Already

Kiminakka ngana? - Have you eaten already?
Nasingammu ngana yari pelicula? - Have you already seen the movie?

Review Vocabulary

So far let's review the vocabulary that has been used. It would be too redundant and too complicated to try and review all the lessons thus far covered. So, let's stick with words we can memorize. There will be a brief overview of some tenses used, but nothing to extensive so that you are not too confused.

Verbs

• Umay/May/Ume/Me (infinitive future & present tense) - to go, to come, will go, will come
  
• Mine/Minay (past tense) - went

• Innan (ifp*)- to see, will see, see

*(In order to lessen the clutter I will only write "ifp" for "infinitive, future and present tense.)

• Gatangan (ifp) - to buy, will buy

• Alegan (ifp) - to find, will find

• Arian (ifp) - to remove, will remove, remove
  

• Kuman (ifp) - to eat, will eat, eat

• Maggayam - to play

• Mangalek - to look for, to search
• 
  
• Manguffun - to help
• Mamalasa - to do groceries
• Dan - to give
• Agalan - to call
• Uffunan - will help
• Ginadwa - to cut/split in half
• Ginakko' - to hug
• Nanguffun - helped
• Nanga' - took
• Nagidda - laid down

Nouns
bola - ball
Aritu' - earrings
Sapatu' - shoes
Mangga - mango
Majong - mahjongg
Balay - house/home
Danum - water
Katri - bed
Sandia - watermelon
Plasa - market (often a wet market)

Direct Object and Indirect Object Pronoun

Let me say this first, I am no expert in Ybanag. What I know is from what I speak and what i hear from my family and relatives.

With that being said, let's move on. Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns are not as complicated as the Personal pronouns but need to be clarified in order for Ybanags to understand what you are talking about.

Let's look at the differences between Direct and Indirect Object in English first:

Direct would be: "We gave him a car"
(This is direct because the action is "directly" aimed towards the pronoun.)

Indirect would be: "They received a letter from him."
(They are often preceded by a preposition or if "to" can be applied ie "to him" then this would be an indirect object pronoun.)

In Ybanag, the same rules can be applied.

Direct Object Pronouns

me - sakan
Dammu sakan ta danum - Give me some water.

you - sikaw
Uffungakku sikaw sangaw - Will help you later.

him, her, it - yayya
Alegattam yayya - Let's look for him.

us - sittam (inclusive)
Patayadda sittam!!! - They're killing us!!!

us - sikami (exclusive)
Pinalabbe'da sikami - They made us leave/go home.

you - sikamu
Pinorayadda sikamu - They lectured you! (They got mad at you)

they - ira
Ina'mi ira - We took them.



Indirect Object Pronouns

All the following pronouns literally mean "to me, to you, to him, etc"

me - niakan
Namegafu niakan - It started with me.

you - niko /nikaw
Umay nikaw y kitu - The dog is coming to you.

him, her, it - nisa
Neggatang nisa ngamin - Everything was bought for her.

us - nittam (inclusive)
Ginangwana para nittam - He did it for us.

us - nikami (exclusive)
Egga nikami y susim - We have your keys.

you - nikamu
Dios nikamu ngamin - God bless you all.

them - nira
Aru mine nira turi ta gafu - Many went to them at first.

Possessive Pronouns Part 2

Now that the 1st form of Possessive pronouns is done, we can move on to the 2nd. These forms are fairly easy to remember since all of them begin with "ku" or "kua."

Mine - Kukua'
Yours - Kukuam
His, Hers, Its - Kuana
Ours (inclusive) - Kuatam
Ours (exclusive) - Kuami
Yours - Kuanu
Theirs - Kuada

Let's see some examples:

Kukua' ya gaggayam - That is my toy.
Kukuam yaw lapis - This is your pencil.
Kuana yari - That was hers.
Kuatam yaw balay - This is our house (we own this house).
Kuami ya take - That is our car (we own that car).
Kuanu yaw - This is yours
Kuada ya parte na danum - That's their part of the water.

Pretty easy isn't it? (I Hope)

Possessive Pronouns Part 1

Possessive Pronouns are easier to deal with in comparison to the previous postings regarding when to use the various forms of each personal pronoun. With Possessive pronouns, 2 forms* exist. In English we have "my and mine" and in the same way Ybanag has "-ku, kukua'." This is the same concept.

*my and your are two possessive pronouns that have 3 forms. However, they're not as complicated as it may seem.

Possessive Pronouns in Ybanag are always attached after the noun used to describe what is being possessed or owned. I.e. in English it would look like this: "Dog-my", "Cat-my", "House-our"

So Let's go ahead and take a look at our first set of possessive pronouns. Notice how all of them are identical to some of the forms used for personal pronouns.

My - "-ku" & " ' "

My pillow - "fungakku"
My cough - "ikakku"

The use of the glottal stop occurs when nouns end in a vowel.

My car - "koche' "
My dog -" kitu' "

Your - "-mu" & "-m"

Your son - "Ana'mu"
Your candles - "Kandela'mu"

"-m" is used when the word ends in a vowel. However, not when it ends in a glottal stop. In this case, as in the examples above, you would use "mu."

Your house - "Balem"
Your sister - "Wagim"

His, Her, Its - "-na"

His mother - "Yenana"

Our (inclusive) - "-tam"

Our father - "Yamatam"

Our (exclusive) - "-mi"

Our land - "Davummi"

Your (plural/polite) - "-nu"

Your city - "Syudadnu"

Their - "-da"

Their paper - "Papelda"

Pronouns Part 5 "Ira"

"Ira" means "They or them." This is one of the easiest pronouns to deal with in Ybanag. Let's being.

Two forms

• Da
  
• Ira

"Da"

"Da" is used for most if not all verb conjugations.

• Mabbaggaoda ta piggan - They're doing the dishes.
• Inangyanadda yari bako' ira - They visited the old ladies.
• kinadda nakuan yari putu ngem napoluadda - They would've eaten the "putu" but they got beaten to it.

"Ira"

"Ira" is used to emphasize as with any other "infinitive/independent" form of a pronoun.

• Ira y mamagulu - They're the ones who started the argument.
• Ira y nappate ta nuang - They're the ones who killed the carabao.

Vocabulary
Verbs
Mabbaggao - to wash dishes
Inangyanan - to visit
Napoluan - to be beaten to first by someone else
Mamagulu - to cause an argument/fight
Nappate - killed

Nouns
Piggan - plate
Bako' - old lady
Putu - a type of rice dessert
Nuang - Water buffalo (carabao)


To be edited (Thanks James!)

Pronouns Part 4 "Sikami anna Sittam"

Many, if not most Malayo-polynesian languages have at least 2 forms for the word "We". This is so that any ambiguity may be avoided. For example, when I say: "We are from the Philippines." It is unknown whether or not "we" includes the person being spoken to. Of course if the person being spoken to is not from the Philippines then it is obviously not referring to him or her.

"Sikami"

Sikami is the exclusive form of "We". This means the speaker refers to all persons except for the one being spoken to. It has 3 forms.

• Mi
• Kami
• Sikami

"Mi"

"Mi" tends to be used with the markers: "nga", "y" This happens when a second verb is attached to the sentence. For example:

• Memi nga innan - we are going to see
• Apammi y kitu - we are going to take the dog.
• Ina'mi y payung - we took the umbrella.
• Kanammi y bavi - we eat pork.

"Kami"

"Kami" is used with "ma+verb" or "na+verb" sentences.

• Umay kami mamalasa - we are going to do groceries
• Nangalek kami ta kamosi' - we were looking for sweet potato leaves.
• Mangagal kami ta kalesa - we are going to call for a horse buggy.

"Sikami"

"Sikami" is used to emphasize who is doing what and is often followed by "Y".

• Sikami y nadjan ta balena - We were the ones staying at his house.
• Sikami y nappapoli' ta takem - We were the ones who got your car fixed.
• Sikami y nappaga ta madjan - We were the ones who paid the maid.
  

"Sittam"

Whereas "sikami" indicated exclusiveness, "Sittam" indicates inclusiveness. This means that it includes the person being spoken to; meaning all of us. There are 2 forms.

• Tam
• Sittam

"Tam"

"Tam" is the standard and most commonly used form of "We, inclusive" that is used.

• Umay tam mabbakasion - Let's go on a vacation.
• Kumattam ta Macdo' - Let's eat at Mcdonalds.
• Ina' tam yayya ganguri - We took him earlier.

"Sittam"

As with all the previous pronouns, "Sittam" indicates emphasis and is followed by "Y"

• Sittam y namegafu ta laban - We started the fight.
• Sittam ngamin y nanguffun ta nisa - All of us helped her.
  

Vocabulary
Verbs

Ina' - took
Nangalek - looked for
Mangagal - call
Nadjan - stayed
Nappapoli' - fixed
Nappaga - payed
Namegafu - started
Nanguffun - helped
Mabbacasion - to go on vacation

Nouns
Payung - umbrella
Bavi - pig
Kalesa - calesa (a type of horse drawn buggy)
Laban - a fight

Adjectives
Ganguri - earlier (indicates earlier time)


To be edited (Thanks James!)